Water Resources of Central Asia: Challenges and Development Strategy, Kazakhstan’s Experience

Abstract

Water resources of Central Asia play a crucial role in ensuring regional security, socio-economic development, and ecological balance. The shortage of fresh water is becoming more acute due to global climate change, population growth, and the intensification of economic activities. The article examines the natural, social, and politico-legal aspects of the problem in Central Asia, including Kazakhstan, identifies key threats, and proposes possible solutions. Particular attention is paid to forecasts of climate change and hydrological regimes, as well as to the prospects for interstate cooperation. The main objective of the research is to analyze the historical evolution of water resources in Central Asia, to determine their socio-economic and political significance, and to reveal their role in the development trajectory of the regional states. At the same time, the study emphasizes the historical lessons of water resource management based on Kazakhstan’s experience and addresses current challenges. In terms of methodology, historical-source analysis, comparative-analytical, and systemic approaches were applied. Statistical data, scientific literature, and materials of international organizations were used. The comparative-historical method made it possible to consider the water use practices of Central Asian countries and to identify the peculiarities of the Kazakhstani model. In addition, a historical-ecological analysis was conducted to explore the impact of climate change on water systems and its social consequences.